I'm currently reading Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth, by Marcia Bjornerud. Westview
Press. 2005. It's a good book, which I'll be reviewing for a variety of places.
Acid - An aqueous solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen (H+) than hydroxide (OH-) ions.
According to dictionary.com, when referring to geology, it means: "containing much silica"
Advection - Transport of material or heat via a moving medium. "Convection" is a "special type" of advection. The key here is that it is a "horizontal" flow.
Term coined in about 1905-10; Latin "to carry, to bring"
Albedo - The reflectivity of a surface. The percentage of incoming heat or light reflected by an object. (I'm more familiar with this from an astronomical point of view. [An object that has a high albedo (near 1) is very bright; an object that has a low albedo (near 0) is dark. The Earth's albedo is about 0.37. The Moon's is about 0.12.]
According to dictionary.com, the term albedo was coined in 1855-60; from the Latin for whiteness
Ammonites - ancient, and extinct, marine mammals, related to the modern squid. According to Bjornerud: "Their detailed shell ornamentation makes them superb fossil indexes' for the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods."
The coiled, flat, chambered fossil shell of an extinct cephalopod mollusk that was abundant in the Cretaceous Period. From Latin for "Horn".
Amphibole - A large group of silicate minerals that contain water as an integral part of their crystalline structure.
Dictionary.com: any of a complex group of hydrous silicate minerals, containing chiefly calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, and aluminum, and including hornblende, tremolite, asbestos, etc., occurring as important constituents of many rocks.
Coined in about 1600-10.
Angle of repose - the steepest slope that unconsolidated sediment can maintain.
Coined, according to Dictionary.com, around 1875-80
.
Anisotropy - the directional variation in the magnitude of a quantity.
According to dictionary.com - "of unequal physical properties along different axes"
Coined about 1875-80
Anorthite - calcium feldspar, one of the most common minerals in the rocks on both Earth and the Moon.
Accordig to Dictionary.com - coined about 1825-35
Aquifer - the permeable layer of sediment or rock that carries groundwater,
Dictionary.com: any geological formation containing or conducting ground water, esp. one that supplies the water for wells, springs, etc
Coined around 1900-05, in France.
Arc magma - silica-rich magma produced when water from a subducting ocean slab lowers the melting temperature of the surrounding mantle. When volcanoes erupt in Japan, Indonesia, and the Cascades, this is the type of magna ejected.
Not found in Dictionary.com.
____________________________________________
Sources
Book title listed above.
Acid - An aqueous solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen (H+) than hydroxide (OH-) ions.
According to dictionary.com, when referring to geology, it means: "containing much silica"
Advection - Transport of material or heat via a moving medium. "Convection" is a "special type" of advection. The key here is that it is a "horizontal" flow.
Term coined in about 1905-10; Latin "to carry, to bring"
Albedo - The reflectivity of a surface. The percentage of incoming heat or light reflected by an object. (I'm more familiar with this from an astronomical point of view. [An object that has a high albedo (near 1) is very bright; an object that has a low albedo (near 0) is dark. The Earth's albedo is about 0.37. The Moon's is about 0.12.]
According to dictionary.com, the term albedo was coined in 1855-60; from the Latin for whiteness
Ammonites - ancient, and extinct, marine mammals, related to the modern squid. According to Bjornerud: "Their detailed shell ornamentation makes them superb fossil indexes' for the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods."
The coiled, flat, chambered fossil shell of an extinct cephalopod mollusk that was abundant in the Cretaceous Period. From Latin for "Horn".
Amphibole - A large group of silicate minerals that contain water as an integral part of their crystalline structure.
Dictionary.com: any of a complex group of hydrous silicate minerals, containing chiefly calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, and aluminum, and including hornblende, tremolite, asbestos, etc., occurring as important constituents of many rocks.
Coined in about 1600-10.
Angle of repose - the steepest slope that unconsolidated sediment can maintain.
Coined, according to Dictionary.com, around 1875-80
.
Anisotropy - the directional variation in the magnitude of a quantity.
According to dictionary.com - "of unequal physical properties along different axes"
Coined about 1875-80
Anorthite - calcium feldspar, one of the most common minerals in the rocks on both Earth and the Moon.
Accordig to Dictionary.com - coined about 1825-35
Aquifer - the permeable layer of sediment or rock that carries groundwater,
Dictionary.com: any geological formation containing or conducting ground water, esp. one that supplies the water for wells, springs, etc
Coined around 1900-05, in France.
Arc magma - silica-rich magma produced when water from a subducting ocean slab lowers the melting temperature of the surrounding mantle. When volcanoes erupt in Japan, Indonesia, and the Cascades, this is the type of magna ejected.
Not found in Dictionary.com.
____________________________________________
Sources
Book title listed above.
Chicago Manual Style (CMS):
various words. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/various (accessed: January 22, 2009).
